A SMALL SCALE APPROACH TO Organic Laboratory Techniques

• Main Authors: Pavia, Donald L (Author), Lampman, Gary M (Author), Kriz, George S (Author), Engel, Randall G (Author)
• Format: Book
• Language: English
• Published: Boston Cengage Learning 2016
• Edition: English : Fourth Edition
• Series: Cengage Learning laboratory series for organic chemistry
• Subjects: Chemistry, Organic > Laboratory manuals
• Online Access: Click Here to View Status and Holdings.

Featuring new experiments, a new essay, and new coverage of nanotechnology, this organic chemistry laboratory textbook offers a comprehensive treatment of laboratory techniques including small scale and some microscale methods that use standard-scale ("macroscale") glassware and equipment....

Table of Contents:

• Introduction. WELCOME TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. Laboratory Safety. Organization of the Textbook. Advance Preparation. Budgeting Time. Purpose. PART I: INTRODUCTION TO BASIC LABORATORY TECHNIQUES. Experiment 1. Solubility. Experiment 2. Crystallization. Experiment 3. Extraction. Experiment 4. A Separation and Purification Scheme. Experiment 4A. Extractions with a Separatory Funnel. Experiment 4B. Extractions with a Screw-Cap Centrifuge Tube Experiment 5. Chromatography. Experiment 5A. Thin-Layer Chromatography. Experiment 5B. Selecting the Correct Solvent for Thin-Layer Chromatography. Experiment 5C. Monitoring a Reaction with Thin Layer Chromatography. Experiment 5D. Column Chromatography. Experiment 6. Simple and Fractional Distillation Experiment 7. Infrared Spectroscopy and Boiling-Point Determination Essay. Aspirin. Experiment 8. Acetylsalicylic Acid. Essay. Analgesics. Experiment 9. Acetaminophen. Essay. Identification of Drugs. Experiment 10.TLC Analysis of Analgesic Drugs. Essay. Caffeine. Experiment 11. Isolation of Caffeine. Experiment 11A. Extraction of Caffeine from Tea. Experiment 11B. Isolation of Caffeine from a Tea Bag. Essay. Esters
• Flavors and Fragrances. Experiment 12: Isopentyl Acetate (Banana Oil). Essay, Terpenes and Phenylpropanoids. Experiment 13. Isolation of Eugenol from Cloves. Essay. Stereochemical Theory of Odor. Experiment 14. Spearmint and Caraway Oil: (+)- and (-)- Carvones. Essay.The Chemistry of Vision. Experiment 15. Isolation of Chlorophyll and Carotenoid Pigments from Spinach. Essay: Ethanol and Fermentation Chemistry. Experiment 16. Ethanol from Sucrose. PART II: INTRODUCTION TO MOLECULAR MODELING. Essay: Molecular Modeling and Molecular Mechanics. Experiment 17. An Introduction to Molecular Modeling. Experiment 17A. The Conformations of n-Butane: Local Minima. Experiment 17B. Cyclohexane Chair and Boat Conformations. Experiment 17C. Substituted Cyclohexane Rings (Critical Thinking Exercise). Experiment 17D. cis- and trans-2-Butene. Essay: Computational Chemistry
• Ab initio and Semiempirical Methods. Experiment 18. Computational Chemistry. Experiment 18A. Heats of Formation: Isomerism, Tautomerism, and Regioselectivity. Experiment 18B. Heats of Reactions: SN1 Reaction Rates. Experiment 18C. Density-Electrostatic Potential. Maps: Acidities of Carboxylic Acids. Experiment 18D. Density -Electrostatic Potential Maps: Carbocations. Experiment 18E. Density -LUMO Maps: Reactivities of Carbonyl Groups. PART III: PREPARATIONS AND REACTIONS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Experiment 19. Reactivities of Some Alkyl Halides. Experiment 20. Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions: Competing Nucleophiles Experiment 20A. Competing Nucleophiles with 1-Butanol or 2-Butanol. Experiment 20B. Competing Nucleophiles with 2-Methyl-2-Propanol. Experiment 20C. Analysis. Experiment 21. Synthesis of n-Butyl Bromide and t-Pentyl Chloride. Experiment 21A. n-Butyl Bromide. Experiment 21B. t-Pentyl Chloride. Experiment 22. 4-Methylcyclohexen Essay. Fats and Oils. Experiment 23. Methyl Stearate from Methyl Oleate. Essay: Soap Experiment 24. Preparation of Soap. Essay: Petroleum and Fossil Fuels. Experiment 25. Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Gasolines. Essay: Biofuels. Experiment 26. Biodiesel. Experiment 26A. Biodiesel from Coconut Oil. Experiment 26B. Biodiesel from Other Oils. Experiment 26C. Analysis of Biodiesel. Essay: Green Chemistry. Experiment 27. Chiral Reduction of Ethyl Acetoacetate; Optical Purity Determination. Experiment 27A. Chiral Reduction of Ethyl Acetoacetate. Experiment 27B. NMR Determination of the Optical Purity of Ethyl (S)-3-Hydroxybutanoate. Experiment 28. Nitration of Aromatic Compounds Using a Recyclable Catalyst. Experiment 29. Reduction of Ketones Using Carrots as Biological Reducing Agents Experiment 30. Resolution of (+/-)-alpha-Phenylethylamine and Determination of Optical Purity. Experiment 30A. Resolution of (+/-)-alpha-Phenylethylamine. Experiment 30B. Determination of Optical Purity Using NMR and a Chiral Resolving Agent. Experiment 31. An Oxidation-Reduction Scheme: Borneol, Camphor, Isoborneol. Experiment 32. Multistep Reaction Sequences: The Conversion of Benzaldehyde to Benzilic Acid. Experiment 32A. Preparation of Benzoin by Thiamine Catalysis. Experiment 32B. Preparation of Benzil. Experiment 32C. Preparation of Benzilic Acid. Experiment 33. Triphenylmethanol and Benzoic Acid. Experiment 33A. Triphenylmethanol. Experiment 33B. Benzoic Acid. Experiment 34. Aqueous-Based Organozinc Reactions. Experiment 35. Sonogashira Coupling of Iodosubstituted Aromatic Compounds with Alkynes Using a Palladium Catalyst. Experiment 36. Grubbs Catalyzed Metathesis of Eugenol with 1,4-Butenediol to Prepare a Natural Product. Experiment 37. The Aldol Condensation Reaction: Preparation of Benzalacetophenones (Chalcones). Experiment 38. A Green Enantioselective Aldol Condensation Reaction. Experiment 39. Preparation of an ?,?-Unsaturated Ketone via Michael and Aldol Condensation Reactions. Experiment 40. Preparation of Triphenylpyridine. Experiment 41. 1,4-Diphenyl-1,3-Butadiene. Experiment 42. Relative Reactivities of Several Aromatic Compounds. Experiment 43. Nitration of Methyl Benzoate. Essay: Synthetic Dyes. Experiment 44. Preparation of Methyl Orange. Experiment 45. Preparation of Indigo. Experiment 46. Formulation of a Paint and Art Project. Essay. Local Anesthetics. Experiment 47. Benzocaine. Essay. Pheromones: Insect Attractants and Repellants. Experiment 48. N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide: The Insect Repellent "OFF." Essay: Sulfa Drugs. Experiment 49. Sulfa Drugs: Preparation of Sulfanilamide. Essay: Polymers and Plastics. Experiment 50. Preparation and Properties of Polymers: Polyester, Nylon, and Polystyrene. Experiment 50A. Polyesters. Experiment 50B. Polyamide (Nylon). Experiment 50C. Polystyrene. Experiment 50D. Infrared Spectra of Polymer Samples. Experiment 51. Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP) Using a Grubbs Catalyst: A Three Step Synthesis of a Polymer. Experiment 51A. Diels-Adler Reaction. Experiment 51B. Conversion of the Diels-Adler Adduct to the Diester. Experiment 51C. Synthesizing the Polymer by Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization ROMP) Essay. Diels-Alder Reaction and Insecticides. Experiment 52. The Diels-Alder Reaction of Cyclopentadiene with Maleic Anhydride. Experiment 53. Diels-Adler Reaction with Anthracine-9-Methanol. Experiment 54. Photoreduction of Benzophenone and Rearrangement of Benzpinacol to Benzopinacolone. Experiment 54A. Photoreduction of Benzophenone. Experiment 54B. Synthesis of ?-Benzopinacolone: The Acid-Catalyzed Rearrangement of Benzpinacol. Essay. Fireflies and Photochemistry. Experiment 55. Luminol. Essay. The Chemistry of Sweeteners. Experiment 56. Carbohydrates. Experiment 57. Analysis of a Diet Soft Drink by HPLC. Part IV: IDENTIFICATION OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES. Experiment 58. Identification of Unknowns. Experiment 58A. Solubility Tests. Experiment 58B. Tests for the Elements (N, S, X). Experiment 58C. Tests for Unsaturation. Experiment 58D. Aldehydes and Ketones. Experiment 58E. Carboxylic Acids. Experiment 58F. Phenols. Experiment 58G. Amines. Experiment 58H. Alcohols. Experiment 58I. Esters. PART V: PROJECT-BASED EXPERIMENTS. Experiment 59. Preparation of a C-4 or C-5 Acetate Ester. Experiment 60. Competing Nucleophiles in SN1 and SN2 Reactions: Investigations Using 2-Pentanol and 3-Pentanol. Experiment 61. Friedel-Crafts Acylation. Experiment 62. The Analysis of Antihistamine Drugs by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Experiment 63. Carbonation of an Unknown Aromatic Halide. Experiment 64. The Aldehyde Enigma. Experiment 65. Synthesis of Substituted Chalcones: A Guided-Inquiry Experience. Experiment 66. Green Epoxidation of Chalcones. Experiment 67. Cyclopropanation Reactions of Chalcones. Experiment 68. Michael and Aldol Condensation Reactions. Experiment 69. Esterification Reactions of Vanillin: The Use of NMR to Determine a Structure. PART VI: THE TECHNIQUES. Technique 1. Laboratory Safety. Technique 2. The Laboratory Notebook, Calculations, and Laboratory Records. Technique 3. Laboratory Glassware: Care and Cleaning. Technique 4. How to Find Data for Compounds: Handbooks and Catalogues. Technique 5. Measurement of Volume and Weight. Technique 6. Heating and Cooling Methods. Technique 7. Reaction Methods. Technique 8. Filtration. Technique 9. Physical Constants of Solids: The Melting Point. Technique 10. Solubility. Technique 11.
• Crystallization: Purification of Solids. Technique 12. Extractions, Separations, and Drying Agents. Technique 13. Physical Constants of Liquids: The Boiling Point and Density. Technique 14. Simple Distillation. Technique 15. Fractional Distillation, Azeotropes. Technique 16. Vacuum Distillation, Manometers. Technique 17. Sublimation. Technique 18. Steam Distillation. Technique 19. Column Chromatography. Technique 20. Thin-Layer Chromatography. Technique 21. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Technique 22. Gas Chromatography. Technique 23. Polarimetry. Technique 24. Refractometry. Technique 25. Infrared Spectroscopy. Technique 26. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (Proton NMR). Technique 27. Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Technique 28. Mass Spectrometry. Technique 29. Guide to the Chemical Literature Appendix 1: Tables of Unknowns and Derivatives. Appendix 2: Procedure for Preparing Derivatives. Appendix 3: Index of Spectra.