Yambo Ouologuem (August 22, 1940 – October 14, 2017) was a Malian writer. His first novel, ''Le devoir de violence'' (English: ''Bound to Violence'', 1968), won the Prix Renaudot. He later published ''Lettre à la France nègre'' (1969), and ''Les mille et une bibles du sexe'' (1969) under the pseudonymUtto Rodolph. ''Le devoir de violence'' was initially well-received, but critics later charged that Ouologuem had plagiarized passages from Graham Greene and other established authors such as André Schwartz-Bart. Ouologuem turned away from the Western press as a result of the matter, and remained reclusive for the rest of his life.
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